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我和朋友一起租了房子住,但这个朋友对房子造成了损坏,业主可以向我追索赔偿吗?

答:新西兰的房屋租赁分为商业租赁和居住租赁,分别由Property Law Act和Residential Tenancy Act规制。这里分析的是居住租赁。

原则上凡是在房屋租赁合同中作为承租人签字的共同承租人应当承担连带责任。在司法判例中,法院似乎考虑的因素包括承租人具有一致的租赁权(在新西兰财产制度下也是一种不动产权)、一致的占有租赁物、一致的使用时间等。1 ROCHIS LTD V CHAMBERS HAM CIV 2005-419-1028 [2006] NZHC 525 (17 May 2006)at 52, Where they are joint tenants they share the four unities of title, time, interest and possession. Where they hold a tenancy a commo n they share still unity of possession. Hinde McMorland & Sim Land Law in New Zealand (looseleaf ed, LexisNexis) at [13.006] “Unity of interest, which is inherent in a joint tenancy along with unity of possession, unity of title and unity of time” 这种利益的共同性导致责任的连带性。

从新西兰法院的判例看,也存在例外情形。如果该租赁协议是boarding hours tenancy(在一个租赁物内超过6名承租人的合租)。2016年新西兰高院在Karmarkar一案中,法院认为业主对房屋使用具有较强控制、承租人之间一般不熟悉,即使承租人共同签订了租赁协议且合同有连带责任的条款,该租赁仍属于合租,因此承租人也不承担连带责任。2 Karmarkar v Pandem [2018] NZHC 693 (17 April 2018)

因此,在新西兰多位承租人是否承担连带责任,主要应当看几位承租人是否都在租赁协议签名作为共同承租人。

如果出现住客并非合同上的承租人,且业主已经知道且同意,这种情况该住客是否也应当与合同承租人承担连带责任,笔者认为要看具体情况。应当分析前面所述的各项因素,是否足客观判断该住客属于实际承租人。构成实际承租人的,似应承担承租人的连带责任。

(新西兰2019年对RTA做了修改,规定租客因不小心造成的租赁物损失不承担赔偿责任,仅应当赔偿承租人因故意或违法行为等造成的损失,并且一般情况下的赔偿损失的限额为4周租金或保险理赔不足部分,以低者为准。3 https://www.apogeelegal.nz/legal-updates/tenants-and-landlords-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-act

注释

  • 1
    ROCHIS LTD V CHAMBERS HAM CIV 2005-419-1028 [2006] NZHC 525 (17 May 2006)at 52, Where they are joint tenants they share the four unities of title, time, interest and possession. Where they hold a tenancy a commo n they share still unity of possession. Hinde McMorland & Sim Land Law in New Zealand (looseleaf ed, LexisNexis) at [13.006] “Unity of interest, which is inherent in a joint tenancy along with unity of possession, unity of title and unity of time”
  • 2
    Karmarkar v Pandem [2018] NZHC 693 (17 April 2018)
  • 3
    https://www.apogeelegal.nz/legal-updates/tenants-and-landlords-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-act